Son Of Tears, Chapter by Chapter. - 3874 Words

Chapter 1 Augustine and his friends are doing bad stuff, running through fields, and taking peoples fruit. He and his best friend Alypius get caught behind and have to hide out. Then, they meet up with the others at the center of town they called the Hollow. Here, Augustine told his story he had with a lady, who had a husband. Then an argument occurred. Chapter 2 Augustines parents, Monica and Patricius, talk about sending their son away. While talking, they realize that Augustine has become a man. Monica then asks for Patricius to be baptized, and convert to Christianity. He says he can not because he would make a poor follower of Christ, and does not want to upset his local gentry. At the end of this chapter, the conversation ends†¦show more content†¦They are obviously poor. Augustine expresses his uncertainty about getting married while in school, and gets a chance to talk to Melanie privately. He expresses his obsessive love for her, but she declines his advances and asks him to leave. He does so, with a broken heart. Chapter 12 Augustine, distraught but resolute, decides to win the heart of Melanie. He gets a haircut and brings her a canary. The two get to talking, and despite herself, finds herself attracted to Augustine. Chapter 13 Augustine, with his head still spinning with love, talks to Alypius about love and the possibility of moving out of the apartment and getting his own apartment to live with Melanie in. Augustine goes to see Melanie and finds her in the company of a roman soldier. Augustine promptly hits the soldier, then gets knocked out and awakens to the sight of Melanie kneeling over him. They speak more of love and moving in together. Augustine later gets a note from Melanie telling him that her father is gone for Syracuse, and he goes to her and she, for the first time professes her love for him. Chapter 14 Now, after some time of living together, tensions are building in the apartment. Augustine first accuses Melanie of being wasteful, then unfaithful. Augustine recalls their two years together as being six months of passion followed by a year and a half of bickering and fighting. Melanie later comes home and explainsShow MoreRelatedBeautiful Boy1525 Words   |  7 Pages In this book I think that David Sheff lays down a great visual into the life of his son Nic. He tells us how brilliant Nic is, that Nic has a great imagination and that all of his teachers think that he is a very smart and intelligent boy. But on the other hand he also lets us know that Nic is torn between the fact that he has to live two lives, one with his father, David, and one with his mother, Vicki. In the beginning it was good because his mother did not live to far from him but when sheRead More Role of the Fathers in Chaim Potok’s The Chosen Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pageswho wants to impart his knowledge of his religion upon Danny and expects his son to follow in his footsteps. David is a professor and single father who comes from a liberal Jewish background. As the friendship between Reuven and Danny grows, both fathers try to reconcile their views with their sons and with their own understanding of the Jewish faith. Unlike Reb Saunders, who never exchanges a single word to his son except over their discussion of the Talmud, David encourages Reuven to be outwardRead MoreAnalysis Of Francis La Flesches The Middle Five Indiana Boys At School1451 Words   |  6 Pagesembroidered with porcupine quills of the brightest colors†¦ bestowed upon him by fond parents† (Chapter 1). 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For example ,you have Jimmy many horses having a great sense of humor surrounding the inevitable fact that he is going to die of cancer, which to his wife Norma’s dismay is ment ally tearing her apart, to quote from the chapter ...â€Å"So, I asked her. What’s my latest prognosis? WellRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Chapter Summary And Arrangement Of The Book1024 Words   |  5 Pagesdebt and Mr. Shelby had to sell two of his slaves: Eliza’s son and Uncle Tom. Eliza fearing for the life of her child fled to Canada. Part of the book focuses on her journey to Canada; being chased by slave catchers, and reuniting with her lost husband. The other part of the book focuses on Uncle Tom’s life after being sold. Uncle Tom’s was torn from his wife, two toddlers and a newborn. 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These are just a few examples of many that show both howRead MoreReview Of Eileen Chang And The Golden Cangue Essay846 Words   |  4 Pages2 Literal Review : Eileen Chang and The Golden Cangue In this chapter, a literary review of Eileen Chang and her self-translated work the Golden Cangue will be conducted. 2.1 About the Author: Eileen Chang Eileen Chang (Ã¥ ¼  Ã§Ë† ±Ã§Å½ ²) (September 30, 1920 — September 8, 1995) was one of the most influential female writers in the modern Chinese literary history. Eileen Chang was born in Shanghai in 1920, who was once called Zhang Ying (Ã¥ ¼  Ã§â€˜â€º). She was the first child of Zhang Zhiyi (Ã¥ ¼  Ã¥ ¿â€"æ ²â€š) (1896-1953) and HuangRead MoreMartels Use of Conflict in the Life of Pi1269 Words   |  5 Pagesfeatures of the Christians God and cannot find a way to understand how the son of this mighty God had allowed his son to live on earth going through such difficult and humiliating times. Above all he could not see how people could worship a god that died and more importantly at the hands of humans, mortals. This was a feature unheard of in his native Hindu religion to have a God die particularly for the sins of others. This Son, on the other hand, who goes hungry, who suffers from thirst, who gets

Sociological Review of Inequality and Corruption - 2159 Words

Sociological Review Reference: A Comparative Study of Inequality and Corruption By Jong-sung You and Sanjeev Khagram From American Sociological Review Vol. 70, No. 1, 2005 I. Objectives of Study • To give a theoretical account of why income inequality increases corruption • To show the explanatory ability of income inequality and the interaction between inequality and democracy tested empirically against competing conventional explanations of corruption • To conduct a methodological study, using statistical techniques, in finding the causes of corruption. II. Methodology The study tackles the issue on corruption using both theoretical and methodological techniques to approach the hypotheses. The first part of the paper†¦show more content†¦The corrupt people will know this, of course, and will use this fact to their advantage. They will provide help, be it legal or illegal, in exchange for gaining the favor of the poor. The poor will rarely see the under-the-table dealings that take place in these transactions, as they can only see the benefits that they will be receiving from this rich person. As long as they get these benefits, it will not matter to them how it was given to them. Consequently, as this kind of behavior becomes common, people will think it is a normal practice and will see corruption as an appropriate form of behavior. • The adverse effect of inequality on corruption is larger in more democratic countries. Compared with authoritarian countries, where the leaders can just use their power to make civilians live in fear, democratic leaders cannot get away with being tyrannical to their people. Authoritarians, on the other hand, can rely both on oppression and repression as well as corruption in order to attain their goals, which are more often than not beneficial only to the leaders. Because democratic leaders cannot make use of oppression and repression, they are more bound to use corrupt practices to keep things in their favor, as corruption does not involve much of instilling fear onto the people, but more of manipulating the law and exploiting the disparity between theShow MoreRelatedGlobalization And International Business : Globalization954 Words   |  4 Pagessocial reformation of its society. But the Caste system still exists in many towns and villages that still set segregation of its people from inequality. Under the V.P. Singh governance, castes hold a reservation of 27% of the job market and in which still plays a role in the regards to education, jobs, and elections. In the text International Business, Corruption is the â€Å"exchange between two partners (the â€Å"demander† and the â€Å"supplier†), which (a) has an influence on the allocation of resources eitherRead MoreOccupy Wall Street Movement1612 Words   |  7 Pages Discuss the moral and economic implications involved in the movement. September 17, 2011 is the day the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City. The main issues include social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government according to The New York Times. The mix of moral foundations based on ideas from the anthropologist Richard Shweder, outline six clusters of moral concern - care, fairness, libertyRead MoreBribery2208 Words   |  9 PagesResearch Methodology †¢ Title A study of the effect of bribery and corruption with lack of censorship in the governmental institution There are various reasons why corruption takes place and takes hold. Sometimes it is due to the fact that officials are simply not paid very much and so they need to supplement their salaries with money from bribes. Sometimes the bureaucratic system is set up in such a way that officials simply refuse to carry out their duties unless they are ‘encouraged’ byRead MoreWhy Is Income Inequality an Important Issue for the Chinese Society and Its Future Economic Growth?2192 Words   |  9 PagesWhy is income inequality an important issue for the Chinese society and its future economic growth? Introduction Nowadays, China has become the second largest economy in the world. The GDP (gross domestic product) of china was growing at 9.7% per year in average since 1978, which the year of Chinese â€Å"open door† politic founded. China also has become the biggest producer and consumer in many key agricultural and industrial markets and the largest FDI recipient among the developing countries. TheRead MoreHow Could Societies Choose Where To Locate Ecological Risks1103 Words   |  5 Pagesoccupations for the subjects. One of the best commitments sociologists have made to environmental science has been uncovering the numerous ways social disparity is associated with ecological corruption. Social imbalance frequently prompts environmental disparity.The social inequality of lodging isolation can likewise be specifically related to fundamental imbalance. In particular, private racial separation assumes a part in where governments and organizations choose to find poison deliver ingRead MorePoverty Term Paper4739 Words   |  19 Pagesthe Philippines D. Demographics of Poverty II. Entrenched factors associated with poverty A. Colonial Histories B. Centralization of Power C. Corruption D. Warfare E. Environmental degradation F. Social Inequality III. Lethal and Long-term Effect of Poverty A. Health B. Education C. Housing D. Violence E. Substance/Drug Abuse IV. PovertyRead MoreCrime is a Social Construct.1751 Words   |  8 Pages some of its members do break the rules for their own gain. Power and equality affect the quality of deviant acts. Thus, people that are more powerful are more likely to engage in profitable deviant acts such as corporate crime i.e. bribery and corruption in business and politics, misconduct by professionals such as lawyers etc. On the other hand, the powerless are more likely to commit less profitable deviant deeds such as burglary, theft and armed robbery. (Ermann and Lundman 1996) Power, or ratherRead MoreA Never Ending Cycle Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pages A Never Ending Cycle Johanna Fong Professor Sergio Gà ³mez Sociology 10 (#91263) Tuesday and Thursday 7:15-10:45A.M. Social Imagination The ability to look at issues and problems from a sociological perspective. Sociologist C.Wright Mills described it as an awareness of the relationship between a person’s behavior and experience. 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That being said, social inequalities may lead to wealthier individuals gaining anRead MoreEconomic Growth And Development Of Development6644 Words   |  27 Pagesbureaucracy, a high rate of literacy, popularization of formal education, reduction of overall inequality, a relative low birth rate, urbanization, decreasing influence of religion, an adaptable social structure, and a modern value system† (Liping, 2009; p. 330). To what extent have all these prescriptions worked for countries in the global South? The unequal access to capital have created global inequality, poverty, hunger, malnutrition, displacement, unemployment and other debilitating conditions

Character Comparison for The Fall of the House of Usher...

Interpretation of Fiction January 31, 2012 â€Å"Until Death Do Us Part† Through both â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† written by Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner, we see common themes of a gothic genre filled with rhetorical twists and turns. The dynamics in each work are elaborately depicted through the eyes of two narrators who are watching these pieces unfold. Many similar themes experienced in both Poe and Faulkner’s work deal with the ideology of death and preservation in regard to the one’s loved and lovers. Roderick Usher is the main character in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and Emily Grierson is the main character in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. In a thorough examination of both short stories, it is†¦show more content†¦As the story progresses, the narrator also questions the unique relationship Roderick and his sister Madeline experience and how they participate in an immoral connection which is modern day ince st. Furthermore, the insanity is present in Roderick when he expresses his desire for burying his dead sister in a tomb which is located under the house. This is also a direct connection for Poe between the title â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and Roderick’s depleting sense of sanity. As described earlier, the external structure is starting to decay which is a direct link to Roderick’s mental capacity and the burial of his sister, who is believed to be dead, is a decaying of the internal structure due to the location of the tomb. â€Å"The brother had been led to his resolutions (so he told me) by consideration of the unusual character of the malady of the deceased, of certain obtrusive and eager inquiries on the part of her medical men† (Poe 1123). Here the narrator is commenting on the downward spiral he is observing in Roderick as the story progresses because he believes that the doctors that were unable to cure her sickness would inevitably di g up the body of Madeline and uses it for scientific research. As the story comes to a conclusion, the narrator petitions to Roderick that he has been hearing noises. Roderick exclaims that he had been hearing the noises that were being described for â€Å"many hours, many days† (Poe 1127). As the noises drew closer, bothShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesor a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to be the representation of characters in action, though as we will see the action involved can be internal and psychological as well as external and physical. In order for a plot to begin, someRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pages Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment period of American Literature - 1750-1800 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · national mission and American character democratic utopia use of reason history is an act of individual and national self-assertion Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · political pamphlets travel writing highly ornate writing style fiction employs generic plots and characters fiction often tells the story of how an innocent young woman is tested by a seductive male Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · patriotism growsRead MoreRise of the English Novel5132 Words   |  21 Pagesthe English novel developed the idea of characterization changed dramatically. A wide variety of characters and settings began to be used like â€Å"a man on an island, a servant-girl under siege, or a solitary eccentric oddly recapturing his prenatal past† (Longman 3067) Another characteristic of the novel is the use of ordinary names for people instead of symbolic names. For years writers gave characters names that made references to mythology or contained some type of description of the person. Keeping

The Complications of Courtship in Pride and Prejudice

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a satirical tale about courtship in 19th century England. The novel focuses around the developing relationship between the two main characters, Mr Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet. The protagonist of the novel, Elizabeth, and the antagonist of the novel, Mr Darcy are two very contrasting characters; despite being faced with many problems and challenges, discover that they love each other and that their love is enough to surpass any obstacle seen in the novel. Before the relationship between Elizabeth and Mr Darcy has a chance to develop, their first encounter at the ball creates their first obstacle. Their first impressions of one-another are completely negative. Elizabeth develops her first prejudice†¦show more content†¦Darcy’s smiling reaction to her teasing causes the reader to believe that a relationship could actually develop between the characters. Nethertheless, it is a complete shock to both the reader and Elizabeth when he mak es his first marriage proposal. Although his proposal is not at all romantic, it does show how much he is in love with Elizabeth, since he is willing to ignore her family’s faults, which he regarded so highly previously. It is ironic that whilst he declares his love for Elizabeth, he also manages to insult her regarding her social inferiority and family status. From Darcy not being remotely attracted to Elizabeth, to developing a love so deep that he wishes to spend his entire life with her; proves that he does not love her merely for his physical desires towards her but instead, he loves her for her personality and intellect. The relationship between the two characters exposes Austen’s ideals on love not being focused around beauty or instant attraction but rather, knowing the nature of your companion before you devote your whole life to them. After Elizabeth refuses to marry Darcy because of his meddling with Jane’s happiness, they part on bad terms. However, upon receiving a letter from Darcy, Elizabeth is forced to reassess her views on him. The letter reveals a side of Darcy that can only be expressed on paper, a kinder, more considerate side. The letter plays a major part in

Enzyme Reaction Rates Under Different Conditions Free Essays

Enzyme Reaction Rates Under Different Conditions Introduction In this lab you will observe how the rate of a reaction is changed as certain factors are changed. You will observe how changing factors like temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration changes the rate of an enzymatic reaction. In this experiment you will act as an enzyme by breaking toothpicks witch act as substrates. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Reaction Rates Under Different Conditions or any similar topic only for you Order Now After observing the results of this experiment you will be able to determine what causes the fastest enzymatic reaction. Methods and Materials The materials needed for this lab are 240 toothpicks and a timing mechanism. To start you should divide your toothpicks into six piles of forty toothpicks. Then you should break as many toothpicks as you can in different time intervals. You should note the amount of toothpicks broken at: 0,10,30,60,120, and 180 seconds. Then you should repeat this process with other factors added in. (In the lab make up we just did a control table) Results For our results we took class averages of the various experiments. The class averages are shown in the graph. Graph 1. Class Average Breakdown Discussion/ Conclusion After performing our tests we came to the following conclusions. Increase in enzyme concentration speeds up the enzymatic rate. The reason for this is when you increase the amount of enzymes (enzyme concentration) then you have more enzymes breaking substrates. Since there are more enzymes more substrates will be broken down than if you have less enzymes. Decrease of temperature leads to decrease of enzymatic rate. This is because when you decrease temperature, you decrease energy. Since energy is decreased the speed of the enzymatic rate goes down. Decrease in substrate concentration leads to decrease in enzymatic rate. When the number of substrates goes down the enzymatic rate goes down because since there is less substrate to break down. The farther the pH is from 7 the slower the enzymatic rate is. This is because ionic bonds (how substrate and enzyme bonds) work better when pH is 7. Through the test preformed I have learned what factors contribute to the enzymatic rate and how they contribute to the enzymatic rate. How to cite Enzyme Reaction Rates Under Different Conditions, Essay examples

Cambrian Period free essay sample

The Cambrian Period marks the beginning of the Paleozoic Era. This period gets its name from a place in Wales where the first examples of this type of ancient life was found. The period lasted for nearly 53 million years, from about 543 million years ago until 490 million years ago. The Cambrian Period marks an important point in the history of life on earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record. This event is sometimes called the Cambrian Explosion, because of the relatively short time over which this diversity of forms appears. It was once thought that the Cambrian rocks contained the first and oldest fossil animals, but these are now to be found in the earlier Vendian strata. Subdivisions The chart at right shows the major subdivisions of the Cambrian Period for North America (Laurentia during the Cambrian). International ages (subdivisions) have not been established. The size of the bars does not correlate with the length of time for each age. The oldest unnamed age is 543 to 520 million years ago, while the remaining six ages are from 520 to 490 million years ago, each approximately 5-6 million years long. Tectonics and Paleoclimate The Cambrian follows the Vendian period, during which time the continents had been joined in a single supercontinent called Rodinia (from the Russian word for homeland, rodina). As the Cambrian began, Rodinia began to fragment into smaller continents, which did not always correspond to the ones we see today. Green represents land above water at this time, red indicates mountains, light blue indicates shallow seas of the continental shelves, and dark blue denotes the deep ocean basins. The Cambrian world was bracketed between two ice ages, one during the late Late Proterozoic and the other during the Ordovician. During these ice ages, the decrease in global temperature led to mass extinctions. Cooler conditions eliminated many warm water species, and glaciation lowered global sea level. However, during the Cambrian there was no significant ice formation. None of the continents were located at the poles, and so land temperatures remained mild. In fact, global climate was probably warmer and more unifrom than it is today. With the beginning of the Cambrian at the retreat of Proterozoic ice, the sea level rose significantly. Lowland areas such as Baltica were flooded and much of the world was covered by epeiric seas. This event opened up new habitats where marine invertebrates, such as the trilobites, radiated and flourished. Plants had not yet evolved, and the terrestrial world was therefore devoid of vegetation and inhospitable to life as we know it. Photosynthesis and primary production were the monopoly of bacteria and algal protists that populated the worlds shallow seas. Also during the Cambrian, oxygen first mixed into the worlds oceans in significant quantity. Although there was plentiful atmospheric oxygen by the opening of the Cambrian, only in the Cambrian did the numbers of oxygen-depleting bacteria reduce in numbers sufficiently to permit the high levels we know today. This made dissolved oxygen available to the diversity of animals, and may have triggered the Cambrian Explosion. This was when most of the major groups of animals, especially those with hard shells, first appear in the fossil record. Localities Rocks of Cambrian age are distributed in the Great Basin of the western United States, parts of the northeastern United States, Wales, Scandinavia and the Baltic region, Siberia, and China, among other places. These localities were not where they are now: the position of the continents was very different. It may seem strange to imagine California on the equator, or Venezuela near the South Pole, but thats how things were! Cambrian localities on this server: * Aldan River Lower Cambrian fauna from this site in Yakutia, Siberia, trace the early evolution of animals with skeletons. Burgess Shale One of the greatest fossil finds ever made is the Burgess fauna of British Columbia. Thousands of soft-bodied animal fossils paint us a picture of early marine life. * House Range, Utah A varied array of Cambrian critters has been found in the Wheeler Shale and the Marjum Formation, both of which are exposed in the House Range. * Marble Mountains In the hottest part of the Mojave Desert of C alifornia is the rich Latham Shale where Olenellid trilobites are numerous. * White-Inyo Mountains You can visit ancient reefs in the mountains of eastern California. Cambrian life Explosion of Invertebrate Life During the Cambrian Period there was an explosion of life forms. Most of these were in the water. Many animals with no backbones lived in the shallow seas. These animals were invertebrates. Almost every metazoan phylum with hard parts, and many that lack hard parts, made its first appearance in the Cambrian. The only modern phylum with an adequate fossil record to appear after the Cambrian was the phylum Bryozoa, which is not known before the early Ordovician. A few mineralized animal fossils, including sponge spicules and probable worm tubes, are known from the Vendian period immediately preceding the Cambrian. However, the Cambrian was nonetheless a time of great evolutionary innovation, with many major groups of organisms appearing within a span of only forty million years. Trace fossils made by animals also show increased diversity in Cambrian rocks, showing that the animals of the Cambrian were developing new ecological niches and strategies such as active hunting, burrowing deeply into sediment, and making complex branching burrows. Finally, the Cambrian saw the appearance and/or diversification of mineralized algae of various types, such as the coralline red algae. This does not mean that life in the Cambrian seas would have been perfectly familiar to a modern-day scuba diver! Although almost all of the living marine phyla were present, most were represented by classes that have since gone extinct or faded in importance. Cambrian echinoderms were predominantly unfamiliar and strange-looking types such as early edrioasteroids, eocrinoids, and helicoplacoids. The more familiar starfish, brittle stars, and sea urchins had not yet evolved, and there is some controversy over whether crinoids (sea lilies) were present or not. Even if present, crinoids were rare in the Cambrian, although they became numerous and diverse through the later Paleozoic. And while jawless vertebrates were present in the Cambrian, it was not until the Ordovician that armored fish became common enough to leave a rich fossil record. Other dominant Cambrian invertebrates with hard parts were trilobites (like the one on the upper left, Nevadella from the Lower Cambrian of southwest Nevada); archaeocyathids (relatives of sponges that were restricted to the Lower Cambrian), and problematic conical fossils known as hyolithids (like the one on the upper right, also from the Lower Cambrian of Nevada). Many Early Cambrian invertebrates are known only from small shelly fossils tiny plates and scales and spines and tubes and so on. Many of these were probably pieces of the skeletons of larger animals. Arthropods Many of the Cambrian creatures appear to be arthropods, the large classification of animals that includes insects, spiders, crabs, and lobsters. An animal similar to the lobopod, Aysheaia might represent a step in this transformation: It appears to be a worm with ‘legs’, which are lobopods. A lobopod consists of muscles surrounding a blood-filled cavity. Lobopods are soft and pliable but they accomplish the purpose of moving the animal along. Each lobopod has a couple of claws at its end and the front two have spikes which apparently serve the purpose of grasping prey. So, what we find in the fossil record are animals with all stages of the transition between worms and arthropods: 1. worms; 2. lobopods; 3. Anomalocaris with both lobopods and arthropod appendages and possible incipient arthropod gills; and 4. arthropods. Trilobites The trilobite was an arthropod with a tough outer skin. It got its name from the three lobes in the hard skin. The trilobite was also one of the first animals to have eyesight. During the Cambrian there were more than 100 types of trilobites. Brachiopods Brachiopods are another distinct Cambrian animal form. The evolutionary lineage of the Brachiopods appears to begin with a creature called Halkieria Evangelista from the Sirius Passet formation of Greenland which is about 525 million years ago. This animal has three broad zones of scales. These scales are hollow and are inserted into the animals body in such a fashion as to make a chainmail-like armor covering the body of the metazoan. These small scales overlap and make a flexible armor with which to defend against attack. The back of the animal has palm-shaped scales, the sides have knife-shaped of scales and the edges of the belly have sickle-shaped scales. This will become important later when we talk about an animal transitional to the annelids. The bottom of Halkieria was soft, without scales and could best be described as being like a snails bottom. It enabled the animal to glide across the ocean floor. The shells at the ends of Halkieria are very similar to the shells of the brachiopods seen in the earliest Cambrian strata. What is believed to have taken place is that the two shells at each end of Halkieria were used by this animal as protection devices. The animal would curl up between the plates when threatened. There are other facts that support this interpretation. The edges of brachiopod shells have bristles, called setae, which extend away from the shell. In some of the brachiopods the setae are segmented as is the case with Halkierian scales. And finally, Neocrania, a modern brachiopod begins life as mobile animal that moves across the ocean floor, bearing the setae of a brachiopod but lacking the shell. Eventually it settles down, folds itself in the middle, secretes a shell and remains fixed like others of their kind. Other Invertebrates There were plenty of other species living during the Cambrian Period also. Mollusks, worms, sponges and echinoderms filled the Cambrian seas. No Backbones Yet, But There was even an early type of chordate living during the Cambrian Period. It was the Pikaia. Pikaia looked a bit like a worm with a long fin on each side of its body. The nerve cord was visible as a ridge starting behind the head area and extending almost to the tip of the body. The Top of The Food Chain One of the most fearsome hunters in the Cambrian seas was the Anomalocaris. This animal had an exoskeleton like an arthropod, but it did not have the jointed legs that would make it a true arthropod. This large animal fed on trilobites and other arthropods, worms and mollusks. Sponges Sponges grew in Cambrian seas, too. These animals belong to the phylum porifera because of all the tiny pores in their bodies. One species of sponge from this period had many branches that made it look like a tree. Another type of sponge looked like an ice cream cone-without the ice cream, of course! Many of the sponges became extinct when temperatures dropped at the end of the Cambrian period. Hard Parts Many of the creatures living in the Cambrian seas developed hard structures for defense, hard shells, scales, and spikes covering the outside of the body. The Wiwaxia lived on the bottom of the sea. The dorsal side of its body had scales and spikes for protection. The underside of Wiwaxia was soft and unprotected. Trilobites also living on the bottom could burrow under the Wiwaxia and attack the defenseless belly. Hallucigenia stood on seven pairs of tall legs. Its long, tube-shaped body had two rows of tall spikes along its back. This type of protection would have been very important for the animal because it had no eyesight to warn it of dangers. Plants The plants of the Cambrian were mostly simple, one-celled algae. The single cells often grew together to form large colonies. The colonies looked like one large plant. Mass Extinction The Cambrian Period began with an explosion of life forms. It ended in a mass extinction. Advancing glaciers would have lowered the temperature of the shallow seas where so many species lived. Changes in the temperature and the amount of oxygen in the water would have meant the end for any species that could not adapt. Why The most fundamental question about the Cambrian Explosion is why did it happen. There are many ideas, and of course it is possible that more than one of these effects worked together. 1. Climate Change   It appears that the period prior to the Cambrian era was marked by very cold temperatures. In fact, a somewhat controversial theory, termed Snowball Earth, claims that there was so much ice that much of the sun light was reflected and we came close to entering an irreversible downward spiral in temperature as less and less of the suns energy was absorbed by the surface of the planet. Thus, the Vendian/Ediacaran life forms would have been contending with very unfavorable conditions. Under this theory, the seeds of the Cambrian Explosion were planted during this earlier period, and when there were vast new possibilities for life in new and more favorable conditions, an explosion of new life forms occurred to fill these new niches. 2. Development of Predators PreCambrian fossils show little evidence for predators. Clearly, predators were prevalent and highly dangerous to Cambrian life. Evolution responds to challenge. Predators require many adaptations to find their prey ability to move rapidly toward a target without losing track of it, hunting strategies, grasping the prey all of which would also lead to development of brains and advances in nervous systems. The necessity to fend off predators to survive would have also triggered a great acceleration in the rate of evolutionary change in other animals, including the development of protective outer armor (shells, or the scale-like structures and spines of the Wiwaxia). 3. Evolutionary Breakthrough Perhaps some new feature developed by chance during evolution of the precambrian life forms that provided a huge advantage. An example would be the development of an exoskeleton that would provide rigidity against which muscles could work, making it suddenly advantageous for complex animals to develop. 4. Changes in Ocean Chemistry or in Geography The Cambrian occurred at the time plate tectonics were breaking up a super-continent, and also at a time when a large amount of phosphorus was being deposited on the shallow undersea shelves surrounding the continents.

Ritual into a drama Essay Example For Students

Ritual into a drama Essay Might we find answer to the question from rituals that are still present? Might there be a piece of theatre that has turned into a ritual as time passed by? Perhaps marriage, ritual that is still performed widely and in various ways in all different religions. It may have been just a piece of performance of two people joining and making a family, but by the time it has become more important and it has been developed into a ritual and simultaneously gained its religious context? The slaughter of twelve bigs and a bull during carnival, in Venice became ritualized into an elaborate allegory of justice and domination. In this case performance gained more contexts and became a ritual just like the example about the marriage. It seems that in ritual the content is more serious and meaningful than in theatre, although theatre can be religious, glorify someone or something, or educate. If we would rely on written evidence, where should we start looking for a beginning of the modern western drama, as we know it now? The ancient Egyptians had performances that might be called drama or ritual depending on the viewpoint. Why, well if one would look a people having a Holy Communion in the Church of England wouldnt that be a ritual? But if you imagine you wouldnt know anything about Christianity and you saw the Holy Communion served would that look like a piece of performance to you? But as we know by the knowledge achieved from the hieroglyphics that they had a religious context in the rituals they performed, that is why I think they didnt perform theatre but ritual. And the ritual was performed annually on the first day of spring, which indicates towards ritual as well. Why didnt Egyptians develop their ritual into a drama? What didnt the Egyptians do that Greeks did so that they are considered the first who performed theatre, as it is known in Europe nowadays? As we look at the civilisation in Egypt we notice that it stayed about the same for 3,000years not changing much. That suggests that their civilisation resisted change and that was the reason why they didnt develop theatre into a similar way as the Greeks did. Finally I would like to do what Oscar G. Brockett suggests that we do in order to find the beginnings of theatre, imagine time before theatrical elements were discovered. That would take us back as far as before The Ice age about 30,000 years ago. Man hunted mastodons and climate was generally cooler than it is now. What such man would do to invent rituals or theatre? I assume that people as social beings had by that time discovered that it is beneficial to group up so that you could specialise yourself to certain task. Now there for certain were people who were hunters and the ones who gathered food from the ground, but were there poets? Dramatists? Probably not. So what might have ignited such behaviour? Could it have been the fact that spoken language was still yet to be discovered? Theatre or mime was needed in order to communicate.  Ã‚  Perhaps at wintertime, what probably was bit similar that I have experienced in Finland, people got bored and told stories of past summers hunting trips to each other and made them more vivid by acting the movements and creating some costumes to imitate the game. Or was there a medicine man that acted out rituals as he tried to order the bad spirits to leave the sick person? Perhaps the spoken language was invented, what kind of occasions might they have had to create theatre or ritual? It is well known that many of the ritual takes place in spring for example the Mephite Drama performed by Egyptians in 4000BC. Spring was time of celebration for anyone who has spent time in a cold snowy environment for a whole winter. The winter season was probably the worst hunting season, what made living bit uncertain, but as spring came there was food to gather and people could get hunting again. That certainly would be occasion worth celebrating, perhaps that celebration became a ritual that glorified spring and the spirits that took the cold relatively dangerous winter away. .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e , .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .postImageUrl , .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e , .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e:hover , .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e:visited , .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e:active { border:0!important; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e:active , .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8563fc6c7b7f8e5f483b70bafb613d3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare make the audience feel about Juliet and her parent in Act 3 Scene 5 EssayOne way or the other I think that theatre and ritual are so closely connected that they have had influence on each other somehow as they have developed. Whether ritual was the origin that theatre grew apart from one can only speculate, play with the idea, agree with Frazer and his colleague anthropologists or take a imaginary journey to the past time before time and see what you might find?